The excavations of the Etruscan cities and cemeteries in the first half of the 19th century brought to light the most sensational jewelery. The delicate 6th-century BC goldsmiths’ work was soon highly prized by collectors and museums. The “Etruscan gold-fever” led European high society to order jewelery in the Etruscan style for grand occasions, such as royal weddings. Consequently a flourishing industry in the restoration, completion, and forgery of ancient jewelery developed.

Both the Antikensammlung in Berlin in the 1860s and the de Young Museum twenty years later acquired—like other museums in Europe and the US—some of the finest gold work from the Castellani Collection, belonging to the leading family of jewelers in Rome at that time. The use of a microscope made it possible to distinguish their imitations from the originals. Scientific analyses as well as experiments by goldsmiths have finally unveiled the secret of the delicate and unrivalled granulation technique of the Etruscan artisans.