Ancient Roman sculptors had a knack for combining heterogeneous models of the past into eclectic new compositions. Mars and Venus as a couple are perhaps the most famous of those creations. In the second century AD, their divine bodies—based on Classical Greek sculptures—were used for contemporary double portraits of husbands and wives. How, exactly, did the love affair between the two gods become an acceptable representation of marriage and concordia, the Roman concept of marital harmony? This lecture explores a question that has puzzled scholars since the 1600s: What did Roman viewers, and what shall we, make of these odd—or not so odd—couples?